Supering Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) beehives impairs honey production and biomarker genes

For honey production, beekeepers add one or more supers to the hives allow honeybees store their products. However, increase in hive space can affect social and health organization colony, promoting stress. This study assessed management of physicochemical properties, population development, forages immune system gene expression patterns be used as biomarker for monitoring beekeeping welfare. The treatments comprised 40 beehives divided four treatments. Treatment 1 - control, added according storage necessity. Treatments 2, 3, 4 presented two, three, at beginning experiment, respectively. T1 greater production (39.4 % increased). No difference open brood area colonies was observed properties only T2 showed closed higher than other Foragers from T4 catalase defensin middle-end experiment. Thus, increasing internal season foragers. Catalase biomarkers